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The U.S. is one of the only countries in the world that measure fuel economy by distance traveled rather than consumption. However, the EPA has proposed new fuel economy labels that will include a new fuel consumption number, stating how many gallons of fuel are used per 100 miles or GPHM. 

The reason for this new addition is that it is easier to compare fuel consumption through fuel used over distance instead of the standard miles per gallon. This number directly states the amount of fuel used over a fixed distance so it is easier and more accurate for drivers to compare it to the fuel consumption of other vehicles. The lower the number, the better. Many countries track fuel economy by Liters per 100 Kilometers. 
Comparing vehicles by MPG can be misleading. Increasing fuel economy in a vehicle that gets 20 MPG by 2 MPG is a 10% increase. However, the same 2 MPG increase in a car that gets 40 MPG is just half – 5%.
Comparing vehicles based on GPHM rather than MPG is more accurate and allows drivers to easily choose a more fuel-efficient car. These labels can help drivers better understand a vehicle’s fuel efficiency and make a more informed decisions about which vehicle to purchase.

Source: Autonews.com